The Pentax EPKi video processor does conveniently have a DV output which can be plugged directly into an Apple laptop for capturing SD (standard definition) video. However, neither the Pentax nor the Olympus processors output high definition video through FireWire, which is Apples preferred method of ingestion of video. Since I cannot plug my laptop directly into either of the video processors for capturing an HD signal, I need some type of hardware conversion of the video signal and Olympus and Pentax have chosen different output methods.
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I compared the Pentax VNL-1590 STi (HD 720p) and the Pentax VNL-1170K (SD) to the Olympus ENF-VH (HD 1080i) and the ENF-V3 (square partial frame of HD 1080i). I also have a rigid 90 laryngeal endoscope which can be connected with a C-Mount to an HD camera. In order to capture HD, the most current video processor from each company is necessary. These processors also support their earlier SD video endoscopes.
The Pentax EPKi video processor outputs a computer graphics signal which is 1280x1024 pixels otherwise known as SXGA. I have not been able to find out what the actual resolution is of the chip on the endoscope. In order for me to capture this signal on my Macintosh, I need to convert it to a video format and 720p, which is 1280 x 720 pixels and 59.94 frames per second is the closest approximation to SXGA although I lose some of the vertical lines of resolution. I could upscale it to 1080i which is 1920 x 1080 pixels which generally yields a significantly larger file size depending on compression. In testing this out, I did not find a significant image difference, so I have elected to capture at 720p. The height to width ratio of HD video is 16:9 as compared to a ratio of 4:3 for SD video. My HD videos appear to have a slightly squished vertical appearance as recorded. This can be corrected afterwards in Final Cut Pro or when capturing or exporting still photos in Photoshop.
I use a Gefen DVI to HD-SDI Scaler ((SKU: EXT-DVI-2-HDSDISSL - $879 in 2011 at B&H Photo ) seen in the photo above sitting on top of that Pentax video processor. This device automatically detects the output from the DVI source. I then set the device to convert the computer graphics signal to a video signal and I have chosen 720p although 1080i and other formats are also available. Video from the Pentax EPKi via the Gefen Scaler is routed into an HD-SDI cable. in the photo below, in the lower left corner is the auto detected signal. In the lower right corner is my chosen output.
I then capture the HD SDI signal with an AJA Io HD ($3495 in 2011 at bhphotovideo.com) which integrates reasonably well with Final Cut Pro. This device auto detects the type of incoming video signal. The software with the AJA Io HD device is highly flexible with many (almost bewildering) choices for compression before output. I have settled on using the full resolution Apple ProRes 422 10 bit for 1080i capture, the Apple ProRes 422 for 720p and DV for SD video. Although all of the video could be captured at the highest resolution to avoid switching settings when changing endoscopes, file sizes might be unreasonably large for the lower resolutions. Consequently when I change in the scope, I change the video capture settings and Final Cut Pro.
This youthful singer has bilateral vocal cord nodules. The 1st image is viewed with the Olympus HD endoscope at 1080i from above. In the 2nd image, the Olympus HD endoscope has been moved closer and the NBI color imaging has been engaged. The 3rd image is viewed with the Pentax VNL-1590 STi at 720p and the iScan color. The 4th image was obtained with the Olympus HD endoscope and the Olympus stroboscope. The 5th image was obtained with the Pentax HD endoscope and the Kay-Pentax stroboscope. The final 2 images were obtained with the rigid 90 endoscope and Toshiba processor during breathing and then on stroboscopy. The differences between the photos are more noticeable when viewed at their enlarged sizes.
This patient has bilateral smoker's polyps with the left being much larger than the right. The 1st image is viewed with the Pentax VNL-1590 STi at 720p and the iScan color. The next 2 images are viewed during breathing out and breathing in with the Olympus ENF-VH. The final image is viewed with the 90 rigid endoscope and Toshiba processor.
Overall, my impression is that the Olympus ENF-VH provides an outstanding high-resolution image because of its 1080i output. Its 3.9 mm diameter allows for an easy and comfortable examination in almost any adult patient. Even without color filtering, the Olympus video processor tends to emphasize blood vessels more than the Pentax video processor. Until one gets used to the image, moving up from a fiber-optic endoscope to this HD video endoscope can erroneously suggest pathologic blood vessels in patients. However, when one is used to the type of image, the blood vessels are very important in identifying pathology. When the NBI is turned on, blood vessels turn quite black and distinct from the surrounding tissue. The resulting visualized vascular patterns of squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal papilloma, dilated, ectatic or ruptured blood vessels within the vocal cord or within hemorrhagic polyps are very easily discerned. This is an extremely valuable addition to laryngeal imaging. Margins of tumors are very distinctly visualized.
I loved it!! With a budget of next to nothing , it stillKicked ass! Some interesting characters and a couple of them look like they need acting lessons.Sunny Pang and Hannah Al Rashid are always a good pair to have In any film. Nick Khan was akin to a terminator type character and was bloody good! I liked the demonic kato Plasma . What a nasty piece of work he was.
The skin is the body's largest and primary protective organ, covering its entire external surface and serving as a first-order physical barrier against the environment. Its functions include temperature regulation and protection against ultraviolet (UV) light, trauma, pathogens, microorganisms, and toxins. The skin also plays a role in immunologic surveillance, sensory perception, control of insensible fluid loss, and homeostasis in general. The skin is also highly adaptive with different thicknesses and specialized functions in different body sites. This article will discuss the anatomy of the skin, including its structure, function, embryology, blood, lymphatic, and nerve supply, surgical, and clinical significance.[1][2]
The dermis is embryologically derived from the mesoderm and contains connective tissue macromolecular components and cells, including elastic fibers, collagen, nerves, blood vessels, adipocytes, and fibroblasts.[1][2]
The skin is highly vascularized and is supplied by plexuses found between the reticular and papillary layers of the dermis. The blood supply originates from an extensive network of larger blood vessels and capillaries that extend from regional branches of the systemic circulation to local sites throughout subcutaneous tissue and dermis, respectively.[4]
Despite a review version of Alan Wake being sent out by Microsoft to the games media with a strict embargo that expires in early May, some websites have run videos and taken screenshots from which pixel counters reckon that the game's native resolution is 960x540. This appears to be a somewhat different state of affairs when compared with early Wake footage we took a look at back in August last year, which was definitely a native 720p.
Initial comments from Remedy expressed dissatisfaction with unauthorised movies, which it said were captured at 960x540, suggesting that they made the game look worse than it actually is. However, it's clear that the resolution analysis was actually performed on shots from German website videogameszone.de and the screens themselves were clearly taken at 720p settings. These shots have now been removed.
Maki points out that the component parts of the image, including "cascaded shadow maps from sun and moon, shadow maps from flashlights, flares and street lights, z-prepass, tiled color buffers, light buffers for deferred rendering, vector blur, screen-space ambient occlusion, auto-exposure, HUD, video buffers" are all individual elements with their own individual resolutions which are then combined into one 720p image.
So, who is right - Remedy or the pixel counters? Perhaps the most crucial thing is that there is nothing in Maki's carefully worded statement that is at odds with what the pixel counters are saying. Native resolution of the actual framebuffer is never mentioned. That metric is indeed just one element in overall image quality, but it is also one of the most important. Remedy's argument is very similar to the one put forward by Bungie in the wake of Halo 3 being revealed as running at 640p. The bottom line there is that there's little doubt that the Master Chief epic is sub-HD, and would look significantly improved running at native 720p - indeed, the team's own shots confirm that.
Maki is quite right to point out that individual elements of the image operate at their own individual resolutions, but in most cases the opaque geometry usually operates at 720p. Killzone 2 has a 640x360-sized buffer for particles. Conversely, some of the textures on Kratos in God of War III are 2048x2048 in size, but both games are obviously 720p: no-one claims that these games are 360p or 2048p.
Moving on from that, when we select custom resolutions in PC titles, opaque geometry is the key metric being used to define the size of the framebuffer. It's the amount of pixels used to create the image: higher-resolution shadowmaps or textures can't change that, although they do of course play their own part in overall image quality. Regardless, it's also the case that going lower than 720p usually results in scaling artifacts (most noticeable on high detail and edges) and a blurrier image overall.
While the size of the framebuffer is pretty crucial, it is fair to say that there are a host of other factors that come into play - and this is the point that Remedy is putting across. In Tekken 6 on Xbox 360, players actually have the chance to play the game at sub-HD resolutions with motion blur enabled, or else at 1365x768, scaled down to 720p (with the blur removed). 2ff7e9595c
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